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Financial

Overbilling

In Plain English

When a contractor bills for more work than has actually been completed, collecting money ahead of their progress.

Definition

Overbilling occurs when a contractor bills the owner for a greater percentage of contract value than the percentage of work actually completed, resulting in a billing in excess of costs. It is the opposite of underbilling. While overbilling improves short-term cash flow, it creates a liability on the contractor's balance sheet and may indicate front-loading. Auditors and sureties watch for overbilling as a sign of financial distress.

Why It Matters in Bidding

Overbilling is the lever contractors use to fund the cash-flow gap between paying subs and suppliers and receiving owner payments, but it must be reconciled against true percent complete in the work-in-progress schedule. Sureties and lenders scrutinize the billings-in-excess figure on the balance sheet because heavy overbilling can mask thin backlog or borrowed-forward cash that leaves no margin to finish the job.

Example

A GC bills 60% of the contract on its June pay application while the project is genuinely 45% complete, generating roughly $300,000 in billings in excess that the project controls manager flags in the WIP report for the surety review.

Related Terms

Frequently Asked Questions

Not inherently. Strategic overbilling within an approved schedule of values is a normal cash-flow tool. It becomes a problem when it relies on inflated percent-complete or false progress, which can breach contract terms, mislead a surety, or constitute fraud. The line is whether billings honestly track earned value.
Front-loading shifts dollars into early schedule-of-values line items like mobilization so the contractor collects cash before performing the bulk of the work. It is a deliberate way to create overbilling from the start. Owners and architects review the SOV at buyout specifically to catch and reject unbalanced front-loading.
It is the accounting entry that records overbilling as a liability, representing money collected for work not yet earned. It appears on the balance sheet because the contractor owes that performance. A growing balance signals the company may be funding operations with unearned cash rather than profit.

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