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Project Managementaka: SOVaka: cost breakdown

Schedule of Values

In Plain English

A cost breakdown of the contract that shows how much each portion of the work is worth, used for billing.

Definition

A schedule of values (SOV) is a detailed breakdown of the contract sum into individual line items representing the cost of specific work scopes, materials, or project phases, used as the basis for calculating and processing monthly progress payment applications. The SOV is prepared by the contractor and approved by the owner and architect before the first payment application. It must reflect the actual cost distribution to prevent front-loading.

Why It Matters in Bidding

The schedule of values is the backbone of construction billing — it determines how a contractor converts completed work into cash each month, so an accurate, well-structured SOV protects cash flow while a poorly built one invites payment disputes. Owners and architects scrutinize it to catch front-loading, where a contractor inflates early line items to get paid ahead of actual progress, which exposes the owner if the contractor later defaults. Estimators map the bid into SOV line items carefully, since the breakdown directly drives draw approvals and lien-waiver tracking.

Example

The owner's representative reviewed the schedule of values and required the contractor to reduce mobilization from 15% to 5% of contract value, treating the original allocation as front-loading that would have over-paid the contractor in the first two months.

Related Terms

Related Tools & Templates

Frequently Asked Questions

The SOV lives on the AIA G703 continuation sheet, which lists each line item, its scheduled value, work completed to date, and retainage. Those totals roll up to the G702 payment application that the contractor certifies and the architect approves. Together they form the standard monthly billing package, so the G703 is essentially the SOV in working form.
Front-loading is assigning inflated values to early activities like mobilization or general conditions so the contractor collects cash faster than work is actually completed. Owners reject it because it leaves them over-paid relative to progress, increasing exposure if the contractor walks or defaults. Architects review the SOV before the first draw specifically to redistribute values.
It should be granular enough that each line represents a measurable, billable scope, yet not so fragmented that tracking percent-complete becomes guesswork. Many owners require breakdowns by CSI division or building system, plus separate lines for general conditions and major equipment. The right granularity supports clean draw reviews, accurate lien waivers, and easier dispute resolution.

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