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Materials & Specificationsaka: gravelaka: crushed stoneaka: fill

Aggregate

In Plain English

Sand, gravel, or crushed stone used in concrete, asphalt, and as a base layer in construction.

Definition

Aggregate is granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or recycled concrete used in construction as a base material, in concrete mixes, or in asphalt pavement. Coarse aggregate includes gravel and crushed stone; fine aggregate is sand. Aggregate makes up approximately 60 to 75% of concrete volume and significantly affects concrete strength and workability.

Why It Matters in Bidding

Aggregate is one of the highest-tonnage line items in any concrete, asphalt, or sitework bid, so small unit-price swings move the whole estimate. Because it is priced by the ton or cubic yard plus hauling, the distance to the nearest quarry or pit often drives cost more than the material itself, making local sourcing a key competitive edge when bidding.

Example

When estimating a 5,000-square-foot slab on grade, an estimator takes off roughly 90 tons of crushed stone base and prices it delivered, adding haul cost from a pit 18 miles away before applying markup.

Related Terms

Frequently Asked Questions

Estimators quantify aggregate from takeoff in tons or cubic yards, then get delivered quotes from local pits or quarries. Hauling distance, fuel surcharges, and minimum load charges are added separately. Compaction and waste factors are applied so the ordered volume covers the in-place need without shorting the work.
Specifications call out specific gradations, such as ASTM size numbers, because particle distribution controls compaction, drainage, and concrete strength. Substituting a cheaper off-spec gradation risks rejection at inspection and rework. Confirm the required gradation during takeoff so your supplier quote matches the spec, protecting your bid margin from change-order disputes.
Recycled concrete aggregate can reduce material and disposal costs, especially for base course and fill where structural concrete strength is not required. Availability and project specs govern acceptance. On demolition-heavy jobs, crushing onsite can cut both haul-off and import costs, improving your number when the owner or agency permits its use.

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