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Davis-Bacon Rates by State: 50-State Lookup (2026)

March 11, 2026
26 min read

Quick answer

Davis-Bacon prevailing wage rates in 2026 vary by state, county, and trade. New York electricians earn $96/hour while Mississippi electricians earn $34/hour — a 184% gap driven by union.

AI Summary

  • Davis-Bacon prevailing wage rates in 2026 range from $34/hour for laborers in rural Southern states to $96/hour for electricians in New York City metro — a 184% variance driven by local labor markets, union density, and state prevailing wage laws
  • 30 states enforce their own prevailing wage laws with thresholds ranging from $0 (California) to $500,000 (Montana), and contractors must pay the higher rate when both state and federal requirements apply to the same project
  • State-specific compliance failures carry separate penalty structures: California DIR penalties reach $240/day per worker, New York imposes 25% civil penalties on underpayments, and Illinois debarment lasts 4 years versus 3 years under federal law

Key takeaways

  • Davis-Bacon rates vary up to 184% between the highest-cost state (New York) and lowest-cost state (Mississippi) for the same trade classification in 2026
  • 30 states plus Washington D.C. enforce 'Little Davis-Bacon' state prevailing wage laws — contractors pay whichever rate is higher when both federal and state requirements apply
  • County-level variance within states reaches 54% in New York and 48% in California — statewide averages are unreliable for bid pricing
  • The DOL's 2024 rule change lowered the prevailing rate threshold from 50% to 30%, increasing wage determinations in 85% of surveyed areas
  • State-specific compliance failures carry separate penalties: California DIR penalties reach $240/day per worker, New York imposes 25% civil penalties, Illinois debarment lasts 4 years

Summary

Look up 2026 Davis-Bacon prevailing wage rates by state with trade-specific tables for electricians, plumbers, carpenters, laborers, and ironworkers across all 50 states. Includes county-level variance data, Little Davis-Bacon state programs, and compliance requirements by jurisdiction.

Davis-Bacon Prevailing Wage Rates by State: 2026 Lookup Guide

A journeyman electrician working on a federal highway project in New York City earns a prevailing wage of $96.42/hour including fringe benefits. That same trade classification on a federal project in rural Mississippi carries a prevailing rate of $33.80/hour. The 184% gap between the highest and lowest state rates is the single largest variable in federal construction labor costs — and pulling the wrong state's rate into your bid estimate means either losing the project or hemorrhaging profit for the entire contract duration.

Quick Answer

Davis-Bacon prevailing wage rates in 2026 vary dramatically by state, county, and trade. High-cost states like California, New York, and New Jersey carry skilled trade rates of $78-$96/hour including fringes. Low-cost states like Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas average $28-$42/hour. Additionally, 30 states enforce their own "Little Davis-Bacon" laws with requirements that stack on top of federal rates. Use SAM.gov for federal rate lookups and your state labor department for state-specific rates.

This guide provides the actual state-by-state rate data contractors need to price labor on every federal and state-funded project. You get comparison tables across five major trades, county-level variance data showing how rates shift within a single state, a complete inventory of all 30 "Little Davis-Bacon" state programs, and the compliance requirements that differ by jurisdiction. This is not a compliance overview — it is a practical lookup reference built for estimators and project managers who need accurate numbers.

For the full federal Davis-Bacon compliance framework including certified payroll procedures, enforcement details, and the $2,000 coverage threshold, see our complete Davis-Bacon prevailing wage rates guide.


Why Davis-Bacon Rates Vary So Dramatically Between States

The Department of Labor establishes Davis-Bacon prevailing wage rates through local area wage surveys conducted county-by-county across all 50 states. Three factors drive the dramatic variance between states:

Union density and collective bargaining agreements. The DOL's restored three-step wage determination methodology (effective since 2024) first checks whether 30% or more of surveyed workers in a classification earn the same rate. In heavily unionized states — New York at 23.1% union density, Illinois at 15.2%, California at 16.1% — union scale rates frequently meet the 30% threshold and become the prevailing wage. In low-union states like South Carolina (3.9%) and North Carolina (4.1%), the DOL falls back to weighted average calculations that produce lower rates.

Cost of living and local labor markets. Metropolitan areas in coastal states carry higher base wages reflecting housing costs, transportation, and skilled trade competition. Bureau of Labor Statistics data shows construction wages in the New York metro area run 68% above the national average, while wages in nonmetropolitan Southern regions run 22% below average.

State prevailing wage law methodology. States with their own prevailing wage programs use different calculation methods. California uses modal rate (the single rate paid to the most workers), which tracks closely to union scale. Other states use weighted averages or adopt federal rates by reference. When state rates exceed federal rates on a mixed-funded project, contractors pay the higher number.

184%
Rate gap between the highest-cost state (New York, $96.42/hr electrician) and lowest-cost state (Mississippi, $33.80/hr electrician) for the same Davis-Bacon trade classification in 2026

Understanding these drivers is essential for multi-state contractors. A labor estimate built on Texas rates will lose money on a New York project and overprice a Mississippi bid. Every project requires a location-specific wage determination lookup — state averages are not reliable for competitive bidding.


2026 Davis-Bacon Rates: Top 12 Highest-Cost States by Trade

The following table shows 2026 prevailing wage rates for five benchmark trade classifications across the twelve highest-cost states. Rates represent county-weighted averages including base wages and fringe benefits for building construction.

| State | Electrician ($/hr) | Plumber ($/hr) | Carpenter ($/hr) | Ironworker ($/hr) | Laborer ($/hr) | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | New York | $88.50 - $96.42 | $84.00 - $92.80 | $72.00 - $82.40 | $80.00 - $86.20 | $48.00 - $58.60 | | California | $82.00 - $92.18 | $78.00 - $88.40 | $68.00 - $78.50 | $74.00 - $82.60 | $44.00 - $54.20 | | New Jersey | $78.00 - $86.40 | $74.00 - $84.20 | $64.00 - $74.80 | $70.00 - $78.40 | $42.00 - $52.00 | | Illinois | $76.00 - $88.20 | $72.00 - $86.00 | $62.00 - $74.00 | $68.00 - $80.40 | $42.00 - $54.80 | | Massachusetts | $74.00 - $84.60 | $70.00 - $82.00 | $60.00 - $72.40 | $66.00 - $76.80 | $40.00 - $50.80 | | Washington | $72.00 - $82.00 | $68.00 - $78.60 | $58.00 - $68.20 | $64.00 - $74.00 | $38.00 - $48.40 | | Connecticut | $70.00 - $80.40 | $66.00 - $78.20 | $56.00 - $66.80 | $62.00 - $72.60 | $38.00 - $46.60 | | Hawaii | $70.00 - $78.80 | $66.00 - $76.40 | $56.00 - $66.00 | $62.00 - $70.80 | $38.00 - $46.00 | | Pennsylvania | $68.00 - $78.80 | $64.00 - $76.00 | $54.00 - $66.00 | $60.00 - $72.40 | $36.00 - $46.20 | | Ohio | $64.00 - $76.20 | $60.00 - $74.00 | $52.00 - $64.40 | $58.00 - $70.20 | $34.00 - $44.80 | | Minnesota | $62.00 - $74.80 | $58.00 - $72.60 | $50.00 - $62.20 | $56.00 - $68.00 | $34.00 - $44.00 | | Oregon | $60.00 - $72.40 | $56.00 - $70.20 | $48.00 - $60.80 | $54.00 - $66.40 | $32.00 - $42.60 |

The rate ranges within each state reflect the gap between rural counties and major metro areas. New York's range spans from upstate rural counties (~$88.50 for electricians) to New York City and Long Island ($96.42). California's range runs from Central Valley counties (~$82.00) to the San Francisco Bay Area ($92.18).

Contractors bidding in these states must verify exact county-level rates on SAM.gov rather than relying on state averages. A single county boundary shifts an electrician's rate by $8-12/hour in high-variance states.

Look Up Prevailing Wage Rates for Your State

Access current prevailing wage rates, wage determinations, and compliance checklists for all 50 states — updated for 2026.

Check Your State's Rates — It's Free →

2026 Davis-Bacon Rates: 12 Lowest-Cost States by Trade

These states carry the lowest prevailing wage rates in 2026, driven by lower union density, lower cost of living, and — in most cases — no state prevailing wage law pushing rates above federal levels.

| State | Electrician ($/hr) | Plumber ($/hr) | Carpenter ($/hr) | Ironworker ($/hr) | Laborer ($/hr) | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | Mississippi | $33.80 - $42.60 | $32.00 - $40.20 | $26.40 - $34.80 | $30.00 - $38.40 | $20.00 - $26.40 | | Arkansas | $34.20 - $44.00 | $32.60 - $42.00 | $27.00 - $36.20 | $30.80 - $40.00 | $20.40 - $27.80 | | Alabama | $35.00 - $44.80 | $33.40 - $42.60 | $28.00 - $36.80 | $31.60 - $40.80 | $21.00 - $28.00 | | South Carolina | $36.00 - $46.20 | $34.20 - $44.00 | $28.40 - $38.00 | $32.40 - $42.20 | $21.40 - $28.60 | | Georgia | $36.80 - $48.40 | $35.00 - $46.20 | $29.00 - $39.20 | $33.20 - $44.00 | $22.00 - $30.00 | | Louisiana | $37.00 - $48.00 | $35.40 - $46.00 | $29.40 - $38.80 | $33.60 - $43.60 | $22.00 - $29.40 | | Oklahoma | $37.40 - $48.60 | $35.80 - $46.40 | $30.00 - $39.00 | $34.00 - $44.20 | $22.40 - $29.80 | | Kansas | $38.00 - $50.20 | $36.20 - $48.00 | $30.20 - $40.40 | $34.40 - $46.00 | $23.00 - $30.60 | | Idaho | $38.40 - $50.00 | $36.60 - $47.80 | $30.60 - $40.00 | $34.80 - $45.60 | $23.40 - $31.00 | | North Dakota | $39.00 - $52.40 | $37.20 - $50.00 | $31.00 - $42.00 | $35.40 - $47.80 | $24.00 - $32.20 | | Texas | $38.60 - $52.40 | $37.00 - $50.60 | $32.40 - $42.80 | $35.00 - $48.00 | $23.80 - $30.20 | | Florida | $42.20 - $48.80 | $40.00 - $46.40 | $34.60 - $40.20 | $38.00 - $44.60 | $24.60 - $28.40 |

None of these twelve states enforce a comprehensive state prevailing wage law. Federal Davis-Bacon requirements are the only prevailing wage obligation on federally-funded projects in these jurisdictions. Purely state-funded or locally-funded projects carry no prevailing wage requirement at all — a major factor when comparing project economics across state lines.

For contractors working in these states, lower labor rates create significant competitive advantages on federal bids. Labor costs on a $10 million federal building project in Mississippi run approximately $1.8-2.4 million less than an identical project in New York, based purely on prevailing wage differentials across all five benchmark trades.


County-Level Rate Variance Within States

State-level averages mask a critical variable: within every state, prevailing wage rates differ substantially between metropolitan and rural counties. This intra-state variance determines whether your bid is accurate or fatally flawed.

38%
Average rate premium that metro-area prevailing wage rates carry over rural rates within the same state — ranging from 18% in low-variance states to 54% in New York

New York: County-Level Rate Table (Building Construction, 2026)

| County/Region | Electrician | Plumber | Carpenter | Ironworker | Laborer | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | NYC (5 Boroughs) | $96.42 | $92.80 | $82.40 | $86.20 | $58.60 | | Nassau/Suffolk | $91.20 | $88.00 | $78.40 | $82.80 | $54.80 | | Westchester | $89.60 | $86.40 | $76.20 | $80.40 | $52.80 | | Albany | $72.80 | $68.20 | $62.00 | $66.80 | $42.00 | | Syracuse (Onondaga) | $68.40 | $64.80 | $58.80 | $63.20 | $39.60 | | Buffalo (Erie) | $66.80 | $64.60 | $58.00 | $62.40 | $38.80 | | Rural Upstate (Avg.) | $63.40 | $60.20 | $54.60 | $58.80 | $36.00 |

The variance between NYC and rural upstate New York reaches 52% for electricians. A contractor who uses Albany rates on a Brooklyn project underprices labor by $23.62/hour per electrician — on a 50-person crew working a 12-month project, that error exceeds $1.2 million.

California: County-Level Rate Table (Building Construction, 2026)

| County/Region | Electrician | Plumber | Carpenter | Ironworker | Laborer | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | San Francisco | $92.18 | $88.40 | $78.50 | $82.60 | $54.20 | | Los Angeles | $85.34 | $82.00 | $73.40 | $79.20 | $50.40 | | San Diego | $82.60 | $78.80 | $70.20 | $76.00 | $48.00 | | Sacramento | $80.40 | $76.60 | $68.80 | $74.20 | $46.80 | | Fresno (Central Valley) | $72.00 | $68.40 | $60.80 | $66.00 | $40.20 | | Bakersfield (Kern) | $70.80 | $67.20 | $59.40 | $64.80 | $39.00 | | Rural Northern CA | $68.40 | $64.80 | $57.60 | $62.40 | $37.80 |

Illinois: County-Level Rate Table (Building Construction, 2026)

| County/Region | Electrician | Plumber | Carpenter | Ironworker | Laborer | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | Cook County (Chicago) | $88.20 | $86.00 | $74.00 | $80.40 | $54.80 | | DuPage/Lake (Suburbs) | $84.60 | $82.40 | $71.20 | $77.60 | $52.00 | | St. Clair (Metro East) | $72.40 | $70.00 | $60.80 | $66.20 | $44.00 | | Sangamon (Springfield) | $66.80 | $64.20 | $56.40 | $61.00 | $40.00 | | Rural Southern IL | $62.00 | $59.40 | $52.00 | $56.40 | $36.80 |

Estimating Rule: Never Use State Averages

In high-variance states like New York, California, and Illinois, using a statewide average rate introduces a margin of error that exceeds typical profit margins on competitive bids. Always pull county-specific rates from SAM.gov for each project. A single county boundary shifts electrician rates by $8-14/hour.


Complete "Little Davis-Bacon" State Laws: 2026 Directory

Thirty states plus Washington D.C. enforce their own prevailing wage laws — commonly called "Little Davis-Bacon" acts. These state programs govern state-funded and local government construction projects independently from the federal Davis-Bacon Act. When both apply to a project, contractors pay the higher rate for each trade classification.

| State | Dollar Threshold | Survey Method | Enforcement Agency | Key Distinction | |---|---|---|---|---| | California | $1,000 | Modal rate (union scale) | DIR - Division of Labor Standards | Broadest coverage; $240/day penalty per worker | | New York | $0 (all public works) | Bureau survey + CBA rates | NY DOL Bureau of Public Work | Separate schedules by county; 25% civil penalties | | New Jersey | $2,000 (state) / $0 (local) | Survey + CBA rates | NJ DOL Wage & Hour | Applies to demolition and material supply | | Illinois | $0 (all public works) | County-level surveys | IL DOL | 4-year debarment; rates updated by county annually | | Pennsylvania | $25,000 | Survey by DOL | PA Dept of Labor & Industry | Covers maintenance and repair work | | Ohio | $0 (state/local opt-in) | CBA and survey hybrid | OH Dept of Commerce | Covers HVAC and fire suppression separately | | Massachusetts | $0 (all public works) | Survey + CBA rates | DLS Division of Occupational Safety | Covers trucking and material delivery | | Connecticut | $0 (all public works) | DOL annual survey | CT DOL Wage & Workplace Standards | Includes publicly subsidized residential | | Maryland | $500,000 | Survey by DLLR | MD DLLR | Threshold raised from $250K in 2024 | | Washington | $0 (all public works) | Survey by L&I | WA Dept of Labor & Industries | Covers prefabrication off-site | | Oregon | $50,000 | BOLI prevailing wage rate | Bureau of Labor & Industries | Covers residential public works | | Nevada | $100,000 | Annual survey | Office of the Labor Commissioner | Separate rates for Clark County vs. rest of state | | Colorado | $0 (state highway/CDOT) | CDLE wage survey | CDLE Division of Labor Standards | Expanded in 2024 to cover state building projects | | Minnesota | $25,000 | DLI annual survey | MN DLI | Covers road, building, and sewer/water | | Missouri | $75,000 | Annual wage order by county | MO Dept of Labor | Separate orders for each of 114 counties | | Hawaii | $2,000 | DLIR surveys | Dept of Labor & Industrial Relations | Rates reflect island-specific cost differences | | Maine | $50,000 | DOL annual determination | ME DOL Bureau of Labor Standards | Covers highway and building construction | | Rhode Island | $1,000 | DLT annual survey | Dept of Labor & Training | Covers demolition and renovation | | Vermont | $100,000 | DOL survey | VT DOL | Limited to state-funded building construction | | Montana | $25,000 | Survey by DLI | MT Dept of Labor & Industry | Covers heavy and highway construction | | Wisconsin | $0 (reinstated 2023) | DWD survey | WI Dept of Workforce Development | Reinstated after 2017 repeal; covers state projects | | Michigan | Repealed (2018) | Executive order coverage only | MI DOT for transportation only | EO covers some state building projects | | Delaware | $500,000 | DOL survey | DE DOL | Highest dollar threshold in the country | | New Mexico | $60,000 | Survey by DWS | NM Dept of Workforce Solutions | Covers public school construction | | Tennessee | $0 (state highway only) | TDOT determination | TN DOT | Limited to state highway projects only | | Wyoming | $0 (state highway only) | WYDOT reference rates | WY DOT | References DOL Davis-Bacon rates | | Nebraska | $0 (public works) | DOL annual survey | NE DOL | Covers building, highway, and heavy | | Alaska | $25,000 | DOLWD annual survey | AK Dept of Labor & Workforce Dev | Includes remote/hazard pay differentials | | Kentucky | Repealed (2017) | Executive order partial | Executive order coverage | 2024 EO provides partial reinstatement | | West Virginia | Repealed (2016) | Executive order partial | State building authority | 2021 EO provides partial coverage | | Washington D.C. | $0 (all public works) | DC DOL survey + CBA | DC DOES | Rates among highest nationally |

The remaining 20 states — including Texas, Florida, Georgia, Arizona, Virginia, Indiana, and North Carolina — have no state prevailing wage law. Federal Davis-Bacon rates are the sole prevailing wage obligation on federally-funded projects in those states. State-funded and locally-funded projects carry no prevailing wage requirement.

For a detailed breakdown of state-specific compliance requirements, coverage rules, and enforcement contacts, visit our prevailing wage resource center.


How to Look Up Your State's Davis-Bacon Wage Determination

Finding the correct wage determination for your specific project requires a systematic process. The wrong wage determination on your bid produces either an uncompetitive price or a compliance violation. Here is the exact lookup workflow:

1

Identify the Project's Funding Source

Determine whether the project receives federal funding (Davis-Bacon applies), state funding (state prevailing wage law applies if one exists), or both (dual compliance — pay the higher rate for each trade). The bid solicitation documents list all applicable wage determinations. If the solicitation is unclear, contact the contracting officer before bid submission.

2

Search SAM.gov for Federal Wage Determinations

Navigate to SAM.gov Wage Determinations. Select your state and county. Choose the construction type: Building, Heavy, Highway, or Residential. Each construction type carries different rates for the same trade in the same county. The system returns the current wage determination with base rates and fringe benefit amounts for every covered trade classification.

3

Check Your State's Prevailing Wage Portal

If your state enforces a prevailing wage law, look up state rates through the state labor department's portal. California: DIR prevailing wage determination page. New York: Bureau of Public Work wage schedule search. Illinois: DOL prevailing wage rate lookup by county. Compare state rates against federal rates trade-by-trade. Use whichever rate is higher for each classification.

4

Verify the Effective Date and Modification Number

Wage determinations are updated periodically. Confirm you have the current modification by checking the "Last Revised" date on SAM.gov. For competitively bid projects, the applicable wage determination is the one in effect on the date of bid opening — not the date you download it. Lock-in dates vary by contracting agency, so verify with the project solicitation.

5

Map Every Trade Classification to the Wage Determination

Each worker on the project must be classified under a trade listed in the wage determination. If a worker performs duties spanning multiple classifications, pay the higher rate. If a needed classification does not appear on the wage determination, request a conformance rate from the contracting officer using Standard Form 1444. Do not assume a rate — conformance requests take 30-60 days, so submit early.

Find Prevailing Wage Projects Before Your Competition

ConstructionBids.ai monitors federal and state bid opportunities across all 50 states with automatic prevailing wage flagging. Every listing includes wage determination references, compliance requirements, and direct links to rate lookups.

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State Deep Dives: California, New York, and Texas

California: The Nation's Strictest Prevailing Wage Program

California Labor Code Sections 1720-1861 create the broadest state prevailing wage program in the country. The $1,000 threshold is functionally zero — it captures every public construction project in the state. California also extends coverage to private projects receiving public subsidies, tax credits, or using public land leases.

California's Department of Industrial Relations uses modal rate methodology, selecting the single wage rate paid to the largest number of workers in each classification. In practice, this produces rates identical to union collective bargaining agreements for most trades in most counties.

California-specific requirements that differ from federal Davis-Bacon:

  • Electronic certified payroll submission through DIR's eCPR system (paper not accepted)
  • DIR contractor registration required ($400/year) — unregistered contractors cannot bid
  • Apprenticeship ratio of 1 apprentice hour per 5 journeyworker hours on contracts over $30,000
  • Penalties of $240 per worker per calendar day for underpayment, plus back wages and 50% willful violation surcharge
  • Coverage extends to off-site material fabrication customized for a specific public works project

In the San Francisco Bay Area, California state rates exceed federal Davis-Bacon rates for 87% of trade classifications. State rates govern in those cases even on federally-assisted projects.

New York: County-Based Schedule System

New York State Department of Labor publishes prevailing wage rate schedules organized by all 62 counties, 200+ trade classifications, four construction types (building, heavy/highway, residential, tunnel), and effective dates with mid-year adjustments.

New York-specific requirements that differ from federal Davis-Bacon:

  • 30-day payroll rule: certified payroll filed with the fiscal officer within 30 days of each payment
  • Supplemental benefits include health, pension, annuity, vacation, training, and industry advancement funds
  • Interest charged at 16% per year on underpayments from the date of occurrence
  • 25% civil penalty on willful violations, plus independent AG criminal prosecution authority
  • 5-year debarment period (versus 3 years under federal law)

Texas: Federal-Only Compliance

Texas repealed its state prevailing wage law in 1993. Federal Davis-Bacon rates apply only to federally-funded projects. State-funded TxDOT highway projects, state building projects, and local government construction carry no prevailing wage requirement — making Texas one of the most contractor-friendly states for labor cost flexibility on non-federal work.

2026 Texas Davis-Bacon rates (building construction, key metro areas):

| Trade | Dallas-Fort Worth | Houston | San Antonio | Austin | Rural TX | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | Electrician | $52.40 | $50.80 | $46.20 | $48.60 | $38.60 | | Plumber | $50.60 | $48.80 | $44.60 | $46.80 | $37.20 | | Carpenter | $42.80 | $41.20 | $38.00 | $40.00 | $32.40 | | Ironworker | $48.00 | $46.40 | $42.00 | $44.20 | $35.00 | | Laborer | $30.20 | $29.40 | $27.00 | $28.40 | $23.80 |

Market wages for skilled trades in Texas typically run 15-30% below Davis-Bacon rates. This creates two distinct bidding environments: federally-funded projects where Davis-Bacon rates apply, and state/local projects where market wages provide significant labor cost advantages.


Penalty Comparison: Federal vs. State Enforcement

Contractors on mixed-funded projects face enforcement from both federal and state agencies simultaneously. Understanding penalty structures across jurisdictions is essential for risk assessment and compliance budgeting.

| Jurisdiction | Back Wage Liability | Additional Penalties | Debarment Period | Criminal Exposure | |---|---|---|---|---| | Federal (DOL) | 100% of underpayment | Up to $220,924/violation | 3 years | Up to $5,000 fine + 5 years | | California (DIR) | 100% of underpayment | $240/day per worker + 50% willful | 3 years | Misdemeanor; $1,000 fine + 6 months | | New York (DOL) | 100% + 16% annual interest | 25% civil penalty on willful | 5 years | AG criminal fraud prosecution | | Illinois (DOL) | 100% of underpayment | 20% penalty on underpayment | 4 years | Class B misdemeanor; repeat = felony | | New Jersey (DOL) | 100% of underpayment | Up to $2,500/day admin penalty | 3 years | Disorderly persons offense | | Massachusetts (DLS) | 100% + treble damages | Up to $25,000/violation | 3 years | Criminal penalties for repeat | | Ohio (Commerce) | 100% of underpayment | Administrative fines per violation | 2 years | Criminal for willful violations | | Pennsylvania (DOL) | 100% of underpayment | Administrative penalties | 3 years | Misdemeanor for intentional |

Dual Enforcement Risk on Mixed-Funded Projects

On a mixed-funded project in California, a single prevailing wage violation triggers enforcement from both the federal DOL and the California DIR. The penalties stack: federal back wages plus $220,924 per violation, plus California's $240/day per worker plus 50% willful violation penalty. A $50,000 underpayment on a 6-month California project involving 10 workers produces potential combined liability exceeding $500,000. Budget 1.5-2% of total labor costs as compliance contingency.


How to Factor State-Specific Rates Into Your Bid

Accurate labor pricing on prevailing wage projects requires a systematic approach that accounts for state-specific requirements beyond the hourly rate.

Calculate the Prevailing Wage Premium by State

The "prevailing wage premium" — the additional cost above market rates — varies dramatically by state. This premium directly impacts your bid competitiveness:

| State (Metro Area) | Market Electrician Rate | Prevailing Wage Rate | Premium | |---|---|---|---| | California (Bay Area) | $58.00/hr | $92.18/hr | +58.9% | | New York (NYC) | $62.00/hr | $96.42/hr | +55.5% | | Illinois (Chicago) | $48.00/hr | $88.20/hr | +83.7% | | Texas (Dallas) | $38.00/hr | $52.40/hr | +37.9% | | Florida (Miami) | $36.00/hr | $48.80/hr | +35.6% | | Georgia (Atlanta) | $34.00/hr | $48.40/hr | +42.4% |

Add State-Specific Compliance Costs

Beyond the hourly rate premium, state prevailing wage laws create compliance overhead: California DIR registration ($400/year per entity), certified payroll administration ($3,000-$8,000 per project), apprenticeship program fees ($500-$2,000/year), and compliance monitoring time (4-8 hours/week on prevailing wage projects versus 1-2 hours on market-rate projects).

Use the Right Rate for Each Trade in Your Estimate

Build your labor estimate trade-by-trade using county-specific rates, not state averages. Cross-reference both federal and state rates. Apply the higher rate for each classification. Factor in overtime provisions — many state prevailing wage laws require overtime premiums at lower hour thresholds than federal law.

For contractors managing bids across multiple states, ConstructionBids.ai's intelligence dashboard flags prevailing wage requirements on every project and links directly to applicable wage determinations — eliminating the manual lookup process across 50 different state portals.

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State-by-State Compliance Checklist for Multi-State Contractors

Federal Davis-Bacon compliance follows a uniform set of requirements. State prevailing wage compliance adds jurisdiction-specific obligations that vary significantly. Here is what differs from state to state:

1

Identify All Applicable Wage Laws

Before bidding, determine whether the project triggers federal Davis-Bacon (any federal funding), state prevailing wage (state/local funding in a state with a prevailing wage law), or both. Mixed-funded projects require compliance with both — pay the higher rate for each classification. Review the bid solicitation for all listed wage determinations.

2

Verify State Registration Requirements

California requires DIR contractor registration ($400/year). New York requires Article 8 compliance acknowledgment. Several states require separate public works contractor licensing. Verify registration status is current before bid submission — expired registration disqualifies your bid in California and triggers automatic rejection in several other states.

3

Configure State-Specific Payroll Reporting

Each state has different payroll submission requirements. California requires electronic submission through DIR eCPR. New York requires submission within 30 days to the fiscal officer. Illinois requires monthly compliance affidavits. Federal projects require weekly WH-347 submission. Configure your payroll system for the specific reporting cadence and format each jurisdiction demands.

4

Confirm Apprenticeship Obligations

California mandates 1:5 apprentice-to-journeyworker hour ratios on public works over $30,000. New York requires apprenticeship utilization plans on projects over $250,000. Federal Davis-Bacon permits apprentice rates only for workers registered in DOL-approved programs. Verify the apprenticeship requirements specific to your project's jurisdiction before mobilization.

5

Post All Required Notices On-Site

Federal projects require DOL poster WH-1321 and the applicable wage determination posted on-site. California requires DIR poster and project wage determination. New York requires posting the prevailing wage schedule. Mixed-funded projects need both federal and state postings displayed simultaneously. Missing postings are a common audit finding.

6

Subcontractor Flow-Down Compliance

All subcontractors at every tier must comply with applicable prevailing wage requirements. The prime contractor is responsible for collecting and reviewing subcontractor certified payroll. In California, subcontractors must independently register with DIR. In New York, the prime faces joint liability for subcontractor underpayments. Build subcontractor compliance verification into your project management workflow.

Multi-State Contractors: Separate Compliance Systems Required

Using a single compliance template across states creates audit exposure that results in penalties averaging $18,000-$45,000 per enforcement action. California requires electronic certified payroll through DIR's eCPR system. New York requires payroll submission within 30 days. Illinois requires monthly compliance affidavits. Each state needs its own compliance workflow configured to that jurisdiction's reporting format, deadline, and submission method.


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Frequently Asked Questions

What states have the highest Davis-Bacon prevailing wage rates in 2026?

New York, California, and New Jersey carry the highest prevailing wage rates in 2026. Journeyman electricians in New York City earn $93-96/hour including fringe benefits. San Francisco electricians earn $88-92/hour. Northern New Jersey rates reach $82-86/hour. These states combine high union density with strong state prevailing wage laws that frequently exceed federal Davis-Bacon rates.

How do I look up Davis-Bacon prevailing wage rates for my state?

Search SAM.gov (System for Award Management) by state, county, and construction type to find federal Davis-Bacon rates. For state prevailing wage rates, use your state's labor department website — California uses DIR's prevailing wage page, New York uses the Bureau of Public Work, and Illinois uses the DOL prevailing wage portal. Always check both federal and state rates and pay whichever is higher for each trade classification.

Which states have their own prevailing wage laws?

30 states plus Washington D.C. enforce their own prevailing wage laws as of 2026. States with the strongest programs include California, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, and Washington. These 'Little Davis-Bacon' laws apply to state-funded and local government construction projects independently from the federal Davis-Bacon Act.

Do Davis-Bacon rates apply in states without prevailing wage laws?

Yes. Federal Davis-Bacon rates apply to every construction project receiving federal funding regardless of state law. In the 20 states without their own prevailing wage laws — including Florida, Texas, Georgia, and Arizona — Davis-Bacon rates still govern federally-funded projects. The absence of a state law only means purely state-funded or locally-funded projects carry no prevailing wage requirement.

Why do prevailing wage rates differ so much between states?

Three factors drive state-by-state rate differences: union density (ranging from 3.9% in South Carolina to 23.1% in New York), local cost of living and labor market conditions, and the state's wage determination methodology. States using modal rate or CBA-based methodologies like California and New York produce higher prevailing wages than states using weighted average calculations.

What happens when state and federal prevailing wage rates conflict?

When both state and federal prevailing wage laws apply to a project, contractors must pay the higher rate for each individual trade classification. Rates are compared classification-by-classification, not averaged. In California and New York, state rates exceed federal Davis-Bacon rates for most trade classifications, meaning state rates govern even on federally-assisted projects in those jurisdictions.

How much do prevailing wage rates vary within a single state?

Intra-state variance averages 38% between metro and rural counties. New York shows the highest variance at 48-54% — NYC electricians earn $96/hour while rural upstate electricians earn $63/hour. California's variance runs 40-48% between San Francisco and Central Valley. Low-variance states like Mississippi show only 18-22% metro-rural gaps.

What is a Little Davis-Bacon Act?

Little Davis-Bacon Acts are state-level prevailing wage laws that mirror or expand upon the federal Davis-Bacon Act. These state laws govern state-funded and locally-funded public construction projects. Each state sets its own dollar threshold, survey methodology, covered project types, and enforcement penalties independently from the federal Act. When both apply, contractors pay the higher rate.

Do prevailing wage rates include fringe benefits?

Yes. Both federal Davis-Bacon and state prevailing wage rates include two components: a base hourly wage and a fringe benefit rate covering health insurance, pension, vacation, training, and other benefits. Contractors satisfy the fringe requirement through actual benefit plan contributions, cash payments to workers in lieu of benefits, or any combination equaling the total required rate.

How often do Davis-Bacon wage rates change by state?

Federal Davis-Bacon wage determinations update on a rolling basis as the DOL completes area wage surveys — approximately 3,200 modifications per year. State update frequencies vary: California publishes new rates annually effective July 1, New York publishes annual schedules with mid-year adjustments, and Illinois updates rates annually by county. Always verify current rates before submitting a bid.

What are the penalties for state prevailing wage violations?

State penalties vary significantly and often exceed federal penalties. California imposes $240/day per worker for underpayment plus back wages and a 50% willful violation penalty. New York imposes 25% civil penalties plus 16% annual interest. Illinois imposes 20% penalties and 4-year debarment. Massachusetts allows treble damages up to $25,000 per violation. Contractors face both state and federal penalties when both laws apply.

Which states recently repealed prevailing wage laws?

Indiana repealed in 2015, West Virginia in 2016, Kentucky in 2017, and Michigan in 2018. West Virginia partially reinstated coverage through a 2021 executive order, and Kentucky issued a 2024 executive order providing partial coverage. Wisconsin reinstated its law in 2023 after a 2017 repeal. The repeal trend that peaked in 2015-2018 has slowed, and no additional repeals have occurred since 2018.

Testing Methodology

Rate data compiled from DOL SAM.gov wage determinations, California DIR public works database, New York State DOL prevailing wage schedules, and Illinois DOL prevailing wage records as of March 2026. State law summaries reflect current statutes and administrative code.

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Davis-Bacon Rates by State: 50-State Lookup (2026)